Brief cognitive tests validated in Peru for detection of cognitive impairment A systematic mapping of the scientific literature / Testes cognitivos breves validados no Peru para detecção de comprometimento cognitivo: um mapeamento sistemático da literatura científica

Abstract. Brief cognitive tests (BCTs) are necessary for early detection of cognitive impairment, particularly in primary care settings. Objective: This report describes a systematic review of BCTs evaluated in Peruvian populations. Methods: We used systematic mapping techniques to identify articles on screening tests for cognitive impairment involving Peruvian subjects. We included studies published in English and Spanish up to 2018. We reviewed 6 reference databases within the Virtual Health Library network, as well as the Web of Science, Scopus (MEDLINE), and EMBASE databases. Results: Ten out of 447 articles met the inclusion criteria. Studies included both outpatient (9) and community-based (2) samples. Eligibility criteria of the studies were similar. Although different protocols were applied, the diagnostic criteria were standardized. For discrimination between dementia and controls, IFS (AUC: 0.99) and ACE (AUC: 0.95 to 1.00) showed superior performance, as did the M@T (AUC: 1.00) and CDT-Mv (AUC: 0.94 to 1.00) for discriminating between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and controls. Conclusion: The available evidence is limited. However, our analysis of national data suggests that the ACE may be a good choice whenever it can be applied to Peruvian patients. Alternatively, the M@T and IFS can be used for screening patients with suspected AD or FTD, respectively.

Resumo. Testes cognitivos breves (TCBs) são necessários para a detecção precoce do comprometimento cognitivo, particularmente nos serviços de atenção primária. Objetivo: Este artigo descreve uma revisão sistemática dos TCBs avaliados em populações peruanas. Métodos: Utilizamos técnicas de mapeamento sistemático para identificar artigos sobre testes de triagem para comprometimento cognitivo envolvendo indivíduos peruanos. Incluímos estudos publicados em inglês e espanhol até 2018. Revisamos 6 bancos de dados de referência na rede da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e no Web of Science; Scopus (MEDLINE) e banco de dados EMBASE. Resultados: Dez dos 447 artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os estudos incluíram amostras ambulatoriais (9) e comunitárias (2). Os critérios de elegibilidade entre os estudos foram semelhantes. Embora os diferentes protocolos tenham sido aplicados, os critérios diagnósticos foram padronizados. Para a discriminação entre demência e controles, INECO Frontal Screening (IFS) (AUC: 0.99), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) (AUC: 0.95 to 1.00) mostraram desempnho superior, assim como o Memory Alteration Test (M@T) (AUC: 1.00) o Desenho do relógio (CDT-Mv) (AUC: 0,94 a 1,00) para discriminação entre a doença de Alzheimer (DA) e os controles. Conclusão: As evidências disponíveis são limitadas. No entanto, nossa análise com dados nacionais sugere que o ACE pode ser uma boa opção sempre que possível com pacientes peruanos. Alternativamente, o M @ T e o IFS podem ser usados ​​para rastrear pacientes com suspeita de DA ou DFT, respectivamente.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de tos ferina en pacientes hospitalizados en un hospital de tercer nivel de Perú / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of whooping cough in hospitalized patients of a tertiary care hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes menores de 2 años hospitalizados con el diagnóstico de tos ferina en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel de Perú. Métodos: Serie de casos de pacientes menores de 2 años hospitalizados con diagnóstico de tos ferina durante el año 2012. Resultados: Fueron hospitalizados 121 pacientes. Se realizaron pruebas para confirmar el diagnóstico (inmunofluorescencia directa, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, cultivo) al 53,72%. El 23,15% (n = 28) fueron casos confirmados, todos menores de 10 meses, ninguno había recibido 3 dosis de la vacuna contra pertussis, el 96,43% (n = 27) de ellos fueron menores de 6 meses y 42,86% (n = 12) menores de 3 meses; un 10,71% (n = 3) ingresaron a unidad de cuidados intensivos, todos menores de 2 meses, uno de los cuales falleció. Los síntomas más frecuentes en los casos confirmados fueron tos (96,43%), rubicundez facial (96,43%), tos paroxística (92,86%) y cianosis asociada a la tos (78,57%); el contacto epidemiológico probable más frecuente fue la madre (17,86%) y la mayoría de casos se presentaron en verano (46,43%). Conclusión: La tos ferina es causa de morbimortalidad sobre todo en los menores de 6 meses de edad y en los no inmunizados o parcialmente inmunizados. Se deben mejorar las tasas de vacunación y fomentar la confirmación de casos para no contribuir al infradiagnóstico de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective: Describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients under 2 years of age hospitalized with whooping cough in a tertiary care children's hospital in Peru. Methods: This was a case series of patients under 2 years of age who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of whooping cough in 2012. Results: A total of 121 patients were hospitalized. Diagnostic testing (direct immunofluorescence, polymerase chain reaction, culture) was carried out in 53.72% of patients. Overall, 23.15% (n = 28) were confirmed cases, all of whom were patients less than 10 months old, and none of whom had received 3 doses of whooping cough vaccine. A total of 96.43% (n = 27) of cases were under 6 months of age, 42.86% (n = 12) were younger than 3 months, and 10.71% (n = 3) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Of these cases, all were younger than 2 months old, and one patient died. The most common symptoms in the confirmed cases were coughing (96.43%), facial redness (96.43%), paroxysmal coughing (92.86%), and coughing-related cyanosis (78.57%). The most frequent probable epidemiological contact was the mother (17.86%), and the majority of cases occurred in the summer (46.43%). Conclusion: Whooping cough is a cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in those younger than 6 months of age and in those who are not immunized or only partially immunized. Vaccination rates should be improved and case confirmation encouraged to prevent the underdiagnosis of this disease.

Factors associated with depression in patients with Parkinson's disease: a multicenter study in Lima, Peru / Fatores associados à depressão em pacientes com doença de Parkinson: um estudo multicêntrico em Lima, Peru

Abstract The diagnosis and treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is inadequate, often contributing to a reduced quality of life, rapid disease progression, higher cognitive impairment, and an increased burden of care for family members of patients with PD. Objective: To determine the factors associated with depression in PD and to examine the frequency of depressive symptoms among patients with PD. Methods: This study was an observational, analytical, multicenter study of a cross-sectional cohort, conducted between July 2016 and May 2017. PD patients were recruited from neurology clinics in Lima, Peru. All statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were calculated using STATA. Results: Out of 124 patients (average age: 68.7 years; 58% males) included in the study 60.5% (75/124) presented with symptoms of depression; only 20% (25/124) received antidepressants. Factors associated with depression in PD included: unemployment, falls, freezing of gait, involuntary movements micrographia, stooped posture, hyposmia, movement disorders in sleep, rapid disease progression, and the use of MAOIs. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in disease duration, UPDRS and MMSE scores, Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage, and length of time taking L-dopa between PD patients with and without depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Factors associated with depressive symptoms in patients with PD were hyposmia, rapid progression of the disease, the use of L-dopa, and use of MAOIs. The frequency of depressive symptoms in patients with PD is high; early diagnosis and prompt treatment are needed to improve their quality of life and the family environment.

Resumo O diagnóstico e tratamento da depressão em pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP) é inadequado, frequentemente contribuindo para a redução da qualidade de vida, progressão rápida da doença, maior comprometimento cognitivo e aumento da carga de cuidado aos familiares de pacientes com DP. Objetivo: Determinar os fatores associados à depressão na DP e examinar a frequência de sintomas depressivos entre pacientes com DP. Métodos: Este estudo foi um estudo observacional, analítico, multicêntrico, de uma coorte transversal conduzida entre julho de 2016 e maio de 2017. Os pacientes com DP foram recrutados em clínicas de neurologia em Lima, Peru. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio de estatística descritiva. Análises de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada foram calculadas usando STATA. Resultados: Dos 124 pacientes (idade média: 68,7 anos; 58% homens) incluídos no estudo, 60,5% (75/124) apresentaram sintomas de depressão; apenas 20% (25/124) receberam antidepressivos. Os fatores associados à depressão na DP incluíram: desemprego, quedas, congelamento da marcha, movimentos involuntários micrografia, postura inclinada, hiposmia, distúrbios do movimento no sono, progressão rápida da doença e uso de inibidores da MAO. Além disso, houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas encontradas em: duração da doença, escores nas escalas UPDRS e MMSE, estágio Hoehn e Yahr (HY) e tempo de duração da L-dopa entre os pacientes com DP, entre aqueles com e sem sintomas depressivos. Conclusão: Fatores associados a sintomas depressivos em pacientes com DP foram hiposmia, rápida progressão da doença, uso de L-dopa e uso de IMAOs. A frequência de sintomas depressivos em pacientes com DP é alta; o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento imediato são necessários para melhorar a qualidade de vida e o ambiente familiar.

Nivel de conocimientos sobre demencia frontotemporal en una muestra de médicos que evalúan regularmente a pacientes con demencia en Lima-Perú / Knowledge level of fronto-temporal dementia in a sample of physicians that regularly assessing patients with dementia in Lima-Peru

Resumen Médicos especialistas en geriatría, psiquiatría y neurología no han recibido entrenamiento respecto al diagnóstico diferencial de demencia, en particular acerca de demencia frontotemporal (DFT). Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de los médicos sobre DFT. Material y Método: La encuesta se llevó a cabo durante simposios y congresos científicos desde enero de 2016 hasta julio de 2017. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: ser médico general o especialista en Geriatría, Neurología y Psiquiatría cuyo proceso de formación como médico y especialista haya sido realizado en universidades peruanas. Se analizaron 217 encuestas de las cuales 13 fueron eliminadas. La encuesta estuvo dividida en tres partes: la primera sobre datos generales de los médicos, la segunda parte fue acerca del diagnóstico de demencia y la tercera sobre datos específicos de DFT. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó STATA versión 12. Resultados: El 90% de los médicos encuestados fueron médicos especialistas en: Psiquiatría (41,3%), Geriatría (31,3%) y Neurología (15,4%). El 98,5% de médicos encuestados afirmó diagnosticar demencia. Los médicos especialistas tuvieron un mejor desempeño al momento de identificar las pruebas empleadas. El 72,1% de médicos encuestados no pudo reconocer ningún tipo de DFT, mientras que el 27,9% reconoció al menos 1 tipo de DFT. El 43,8% de médicos encuestados identificó correctamente 5 o más de los síntomas presentados en DFT. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos entre médicos especialistas encuestados acerca del diagnóstico de demencia es aceptable, sin embargo es deficiente cuando se trata específicamente acerca del diagnóstico de DFT.

Physicians with specialty in geriatrics, psychiatry and neurology have not received training about the differential diagnosis of dementia, particularly regarding fronto-temporal dementia (FTD). Objective: To assess the level of knowledge of physicians about FTD. Material and Method: The survey was carried out during symposiums and scientific congresses from January 2016 to July 2017. Inclusion criteria: being a general practitioner or specialist in Geriatrics, Neurology and psychiatry whose training process as a physician and specialist has been carried out in Peruvian universities. We analyzed 217 surveys of which 13 were eliminated. The survey was divided into three parts, the first about general data of doctors, the second part was about the diagnosis of dementia; and the third on specific data of FTD. STATA version 12 was used for the statistical analysis. Results: 90% of the doctors surveyed were specialists in: Psychiatry (41.3%), Geriatrics (31.3%) and Neurology (15.4%). The 98.5% of physicians surveyed claimed to diagnose dementia. The medical specialists performed better when identifying the tests used. 72.1% of the doctors surveyed could not recognize any type of FTD, while 27.9% recognized at least 1 type of FTD. 43.8% of physicians surveyed identified 5 or more of the symptoms presented in FTD. Conclusions: The level of knowledge among medical specialists surveyed about the diagnosis of dementia is acceptable, however it is deficient when it is specifically about the diagnosis of FTD.

Una complicación quirúrgica escasamente sospechada: la disfunción cognitiva postoperatoria / A poorly suspected surgical complication: postoperative cognitive dysfunction

Numerosas enfermedades requieren como tratamiento una cirugía, ya sea de emergencia o electiva. Las cirugías pueden tener diversas complicaciones; sin embargo no se consideran las posibles alteraciones cognitivas postoperatorias: delirio del despertar anestésico, delirio postoperatorio y disfunción cognitiva postoperatoria (DCPO). La DCPO es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por alteraciones en la memoria, concentración, atención, comprensión del lenguaje e integración social posterior al uso de anestesia y cirugía que persiste después de tres meses; aunque algunos reportes consideran que no sería una entidad clínica individual. Su incidencia varía del 5,1 al 52,5% dependiendo de la población estudiada, tipo de cirugía, tiempo de la evaluación desde la cirugía y batería neuropsicológica empleada. Los factores de riesgo para DCPO son: edad avanzada, deterioro cognitivo previo, gravedad de enfermedades coexistentes, severidad de la cirugía, duración y tipo de la anestesia, ocurrencia de complicaciones y nivel educativo; siendo imprescindible la realización de una evaluación neuropsicológica antes y después de la cirugía para su diagnóstico. Los mecanismos etiopatogénicos propuestos son: la edad, cambios en la perfusión cerebral, disturbios del sueño, inflamación, efectos de los agentes anestésicos, y fundamentalmente la neuroinflamación. La DCPO es una entidad frecuente y escasamente sospechada, aunque su diagnóstico es controversial. Se sugiere que los pacientes que serán sometidos a cirugías electivas mayores, en especial las cardiacas y cerebrales, sean sometidos a evaluación neuropsicológica previa y a los 3 meses, así como a monitoreo electroencefalográfico intraoperatorio para disminuir la incidencia de DCPO.

Many diseases require surgery as a treatment, either emergency or elective. Surgeries can have various complications; However, the possible postoperative cognitive alterations are not considered: delirium of anesthetic awakening, postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (PCDP). DCPO is a clinical syndrome characterized by alterations in memory, concentration, attention, understanding of language and social integration after the use of anesthesia and surgery that persists after three months; although some reports consider that it would not be an individual clinical entity. Its incidence varies from 5.1 to 52.5% depending on the population studied, type of surgery, time of evaluation from surgery and neuropsychological battery used. The risk factors for DCPO are: advanced age, previous cognitive impairment, severity of coexisting diseases, severity of the surgery, duration and type of anesthesia, occurrence of complications and educational level; It is essential to carry out a neuropsychological evaluation before and after the surgery for its diagnosis. The proposed etiopathogenic mechanisms are: age, changes in cerebral perfusion, sleep disturbances, inflammation, effects of anesthetic agents, and fundamentally neuroinflammation. The DCPO is a frequent and rarely suspected entity, although its diagnosis is controversial. It is suggested that patients who will undergo major elective surgeries, especially cardiac and cerebral surgeries, undergo previous neuropsychological evaluation at 3 months, and intraoperative electroencephalographic monitoring to reduce the incidence of DCPO.

Mixed dementia: A review of the evidence / Demência mista: revisão das evidências

ABSTRACT. Mixed dementia is the coexistence of Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in the same demented patient. Currently, its diagnosis and treatment remains a challenge for practitioners. To provide an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history, diagnosis, and therapy of Mixed Vascular-Alzheimer Dementia (MVAD). The literature was reviewed for articles published between 1990-2016 by using the keywords linked to MVAD. Neuropathological studies indicate that MVAD is a very common pathological finding in the elderly with a prevalence about of 22%. The distinction between Alzheimer's dementia and vascular dementia (VD) is complex because their clinical presentation can overlap. There are international criteria for the MVAD diagnosis. The pharmacologic therapy shows modest clinical benefits that are similar among all drugs used in patients with Alzheimer's dementia and VD. The non-pharmacologic therapy includes the rigorous management of cardiovascular risk factors (especially hypertension) and the promotion of a healthy diet. The diagnosis and treatment of MVAD cannot be improved without further studies. Currently available medications provide only modest clinical benefits once a patient has developed MVAD. In subjects at risk, the antihypertensive therapy and healthy diet should be recommend for preventing or slowing the progression of MVAD.

RESUMO. Demência mista é denominação usual para a coexistência da doença de Alzheimer e doença cerebrovascular (DCV) no mesmo paciente demente. Atualmente, seu diagnóstico e tratamento continuam sendo um desafio. Fornecer uma visão geral da epidemiologia, patogênese, história natural, diagnóstico e terapia da Demência Mista Alzheimer-Vascular (DMAV). Foi realizada revisão da literatura buscando por artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2016 usando palavras-chave relacionadas ao DMAV. Estudos neuropatológicos indicam que DMAV é um achado patológico muito comum em idosos, com uma prevalência de cerca de 22%. A distinção entre demência de Alzheimer e demência vascular (DV) é complexa porque suas apresentações clínicas podem se sobrepor. Existem critérios internacionais para o diagnóstico DMAV. A terapia farmacológica mostra benefícios clínicos modestos que são semelhantes para todos os medicamentos utilizados em pacientes com demência de Alzheimer e DV. A terapia não-farmacológica inclui o manejo rigoroso dos fatores de risco cardiovascular (especialmente a hipertensão) e a promoção de uma dieta saudável. O diagnóstico e o tratamento do DMAV não podem ser melhorados sem outros estudos. Os medicamentos atualmente disponíveis fornecem apenas benefícios clínicos modestos, depois que DMAV instalou-se. Em indivíduos em risco, a terapia anti-hipertensiva e uma dieta saudável devem ser recomendadas para prevenir ou retardar a progressão da DMAV.

Evolution of short cognitive test performance in stroke patients with vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia: Baseline evaluation and follow-up / Evolução do desempenho em testes cognitivos breves de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral com comprometimento cognitivo vascular e demência vascular: avaliação inicial e acompanhamento

ABSTRACT. There is limited evidence about the progression of cognitive performance during the post-stroke stage. Objective: To assess the evolution of cognitive performance in stroke patients without vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), patients with vascular mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patients with vascular dementia (VD). Methods: A prospective cohort of stroke outpatients from two secondary medical centers in Lima, Peru was studied. We performed standardized evaluations at definitive diagnosis (baseline evaluation), and control follow-ups at 6 and 12 months, including a battery of short cognitive tests: Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE), and INECO Frontal Screening (IFS). Results: 152 outpatients completed the follow-up, showing progressive increase in mean score on the CDR(0.34 to 0.46), contrary to the pattern observed on the ACE and IFS (78.18 to 76.48 and 23.63 to 22.24). The box plot for the CDR test showed that VCI patients had progressive worsening (0.79 to 0.16). Conversely, this trend was not observed in subjects without VCI. The box plot for the ACE and IFS showed that, for the majority of the differentiated stroke types, both non-VCI and VCI patients had progressive worsening. Conclusion: According to both ACE and IFS results during a 1-year follow-up, the cognitive performance of stroke patients worsened, a trend which was particularly consistent in infarction-type stroke patients.

RESUMO. Há evidências limitadas sobre a progressão do desempenho cognitivo durante o estágio pós- acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução do desempenho cognitivo em pacientes com AVC sem comprometimento cognitivo vascular (SCCV), pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve vascular (CCL-V) e pacientes com demência vascular (DV). Métodos: Coorte prospectivo de pacientes ambulatoriais com AVC de dois centros médicos secundários de Lima, Peru. Realizamos avaliações padronizadas no diagnóstico definitivo (avaliação inicial) e controles aos 6 e 12 meses depois, incluindo um conjunto de testes cognitivos breves: Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE), and INECO Frontal Screening (IFS). Resultados: Completaram o estudo 152 pacientes ambulatoriais, mostrando que as médias de pontuação da CDR apresentaram aumento progressivo (0,34 a 0,46), contrariamente ao observado com ACE e IFS (78,18 a 76,48 e 23,63 a 22,24). A soma das caixas do teste CDR mostrou que os pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo vascular (CCL-V e DV) apresentaram piora progressiva (0,79 a 0,16). Por outro lado, em indivíduos SCCV, essa tendência não foi observada. O gráfico box-plot para ACE e IFS mostrou que, para a maioria dos tipos de AVC observados, tanto os pacientes SCCV como aqueles com CCV apresentaram piora progressiva. Conclusão: De acordo com os resultados de ACE e IFS durante o acompanhamento de 1 ano, o desempenho cognitivo em pacientes com AVC piora, o que é particularmente consistente em pacientes com AVC tipo infarto.

Validación y precisión de la escala de deterioro global (GDS) para establecer severidad de demencia en una población de Lima / Validation and diagnostic accuracy of the global deterioration scale (GDS) to establish severity of dementia in a population of Lima

Resumen Objetivo : validar y evaluar el rendimiento de la Global Deteriorarion Scale (GDS) en una población que acude a una unidad especializada de Lima. Pacientes y métodos: investigación de tipo transversal con un diseño descriptivo comparativo. El estudio incluyó 215 individuos seleccionados de forma abierta, que acudieron a la unidad de diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo y prevención de demencia. Se estudiaron tres grupos: 60 controles, 40 con diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo leve y 115 con demencia. Los individuos fueron sometidos a evaluaciones sucesivas: cribado, diagnóstico y estadiaje de demencia y tipo de demencia. La validez y fiabilidad de la clasificación de severidad fue demostrada mediante la concordancia entre la medición del Global Deteriorarion Scale con el Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). El rendimiento de Global Deteriorarion Scale se valoró mediante la obtención de los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad. Resultados : los promedios de edad fueron de 69, 70, y 74 años para los controles, los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve y los pacientes con demencia, respectivamente. La Global Deteriorarion Scale tuvo una buena correlación con Clinical Dementia Rating (r de Spearman =0,97; P=0,0001). La sensibilidad de la escala para establecer estadio de demencia fue de 79 %, con especificidad del 100 % para cualquier categoría de demencia según los criterios diagnósticos estándares y según Clinical Dementia Rating. Conclusiones : se encontró una correlación casi perfecta entre Global Deteriorarion Scale y Clinical Dementia Rating; sin embargo, la Global Deteriorarion Scale presenta una sensibilidad moderada para establecer el estadio de demencia con respecto a Clinical Dementia Rating, mostrando además ser utilidad en el diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo leve.

Abstract Objective: To validate and evaluate diagnostic accuracy of the Global Deteriorarion Scale (GDS) in a population of a specialized unit of Lima. Patients and Methods: This research is a comparative cross-sectional descriptive design. The study included 215 individuals selected openly, who attending in the diagnostic unit of cognitive impairment and dementia prevention. Three groups were studied: 60 controls, 40 individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 115 with dementia diagnosis. They were assessments in three phases: screening, diagnosis and staging of dementia, and type of dementia. The validity and reliability of the classification of severity was demonstrated by measuring the correlation between the GDS with the CDR (Clinical Dementia Rating). The diagnostic accuracy of GDS was evaluated by obtaining the values of sensitivity and specificity. Results: The average age was 69, 70, and 74 years for controls, patients with MCI and patients with dementia respectively. GDS had a good correlation with CDR (Spearman r = 0.97, P = 0.0001). The sensitivity of the GDS to set stage of dementia for any category of dementia was 79 % and specificity of 100 % according to standard diagnostic criteria and according to CDR. Conclusions: We demonstrated an almost perfect correlation between GDS and CDR, however GDS has a moderate sensitivity to set the stage dementia regarding CDR also proving to be useful in the diagnosis of MCI.

Rendimiento en pruebas cognitivas breves, de adultos mayores con demencia en estadios avanzados, residentes de una comunidad urbana de Lima, Perú / Performance of cognitive brief test in elderly patients with dementia in advanced stage living in an urban community of Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar el rendimiento de la prueba de dibujo de reloj en versión de Manos (PDR-M) y Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) en su versión peruana, para detectar demencia de cualquier tipo en adultos mayores residentes de una comunidad urbana de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Análisis secundario de base de datos, de tipo observacional, analítico y transversal; con diseño de prueba diagnóstica, teniendo como prueba estándar a las evaluaciones clínica y neuropsicológica en conjunto. Se evaluó el rendimiento de las pruebas individualmente, así como de forma combinada. Resultados. El rendimiento de MMSE para la evaluación de pacientes con demencia de cualquier tipo presentó sensibilidad de 64,1%, especificidad de 84,1%, VPP de 24,4%, VPN de 96,7%, LR (+) de 4,03 y LR (-) de 0,43. La PDR-M presentó sensibilidad de 89,3%, especificidad de 98,1%, VPP de 79,3%, VPN de 99,1%, LR (+) de 47,79 y LR (-) de 0,11. Cuando se aplicaron ambas pruebas, y al menos una de ellas fue positiva, presentaron sensibilidad de 98,1%, especificidad de 84,1%, VPP de 33,1%, VPN de 99,8%, LR (+) de 6,17 y LR (-) de 0,02. Al realizar el análisis, por separado, de demencia tipo alzhéimer y no alzhéimer, los valores de los parámetros no se diferencian sustancialmente de los obtenidos para demencias de cualquier tipo. Conclusiones. La combinación de MMSE y PDR-M demuestran un buen rendimiento para detectar demencia en estadios moderado y severo en población residente de una comunidad urbana de Lima.

ABSTRACT Objectives. Evaluate the performance of clock drawing test- Manos versión (PDR-M) and Mini Mental State Examination -Peruvian version (MMSE) to detect dementia in a sample based on urban community of Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. This study is a secondary analysis database, observational, analytical and cross-sectional, the gold standard was the clinical and the neuropsychological evaluations together. Performance testing individually and in combination were evaluated.. Data were obtained from prevalence study conducted in 2008 in Cercado de Lima. Results. MMSE performance for evaluation of patients with dementia of any kind showed sensitivity of 64,1%, specificity of 84,1%, PPV of 24.4%, NPV of 96.7%, PLR of 4,03 and NLR of 0,43. PDR-M showed sensitivity of 89,3%, specificity of 98,1%, PPV of 79.3%, NPV of 99.1%, PLR of 47,79 and NLR of 0,11. When both tests were applied, and at least one of them was positive, they showed sensitivity 98.1%, specificity 84.1%, PPV of 33.1%, NPV of 99.8%, PLR of 6,17 and NLR of 0,02. When performing separate analysis of Alzheimer-type dementia and non- Alzheimer dementia, the values of the parameters do not differ substantially from those obtained for dementia of any kind. Conclussions. The combination of MMSE and PDR-M show good discriminative ability to detect moderate and severe dementia in population living in urban community in Lima.

Pronóstico en cirugía de epilepsia: ¿puede influir la reserva cognitiva? / Prognosis in EpilepsyÆs surgery: Can Cognitive Reserve influence it?

Hasta un tercio de individuos diagnosticados de epilepsia continúan teniendo crisis a pesar del tratamiento antiepiléptico apropiado. Estos pacientes pueden ser referidos para evaluación pre-quirúrgica y la cirugía es considerada un tratamiento efectivo para epilepsia relacionada a localización refractaria. Los factores que predicen un mejor resultado de la cirugía son contradictorios, y las recomendaciones incluyen evaluación detallada del rendimiento cognitivo antes y después de la cirugía; sin embargo no se considera la evaluación de la reserva cognitiva (RC). La incorporación de un instrumento que valore la RC de los pacientes permitiría incrementar la fuerza predictiva de la evaluación neuropsicológica respecto al pronóstico post-quirúrgico y aportaría a la investigación de los factores neuroprotectores en aquellos pacientes con un perfil de rendimiento cognitivo post-quirúrgico superior a la etapa pre-quirúrgica, y además permitiría conocer cómo la actividad educacional, ocupacional, y de tiempo libre de los pacientes se ven afectadas por la epilepsia y su variación después de la cirugía.

Up to one-third of individuals diagnosed as having epilepsy continue to have seizures despite appropriate antiepileptic drug treatment. Patients with refractory localization-related epilepsy can be referred for presurgical evaluation, and resective surgery is considered an effective treatment for such cases. Predictive factors of a better outcome for epilepsyÆs surgery are contradictory, and recomendations include a detailed assessment of cognitive performance before and after surgery; this process, however does not consider the evaluation of Cognitive Reserve (CR). The use of an instrument that assesses the CR of patient-candidates would increase the predictive power of neuropsychological assessment regarding post-surgical prognosis and outcome; in turn, it could contribute to research of neuroprotective factors in patients with a superior pre- and post-surgical profile of cognitive performance, and also allow knowing how the patientÆs educational and occupational activity, and use of leisure time are affected by epilepsy and its post-surgical variations.

PRISM como predictor de mortalidad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Perú 2012 / PRISM as predictor of mortality in pediatric intensive care unit of the National Institute of Child Health, Peru 2012

La escala de PRISM es un predictor de mortalidad pediátrico que considera el riesgo de morir a partir del grado de afectación de 14 parámetros fisiológicos. Éste ha sido aplicado en diferentes partes del mundo, mostrando algunas discrepancias en su poder predictivo. Objetivos: Evaluar el rendimiento del escore PRISM como predictor de mortalidad de los pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN) en Lima, Perú. Material y Método: Se analizó la base de datos de pacientes ingresados a la UCIP-INSN durante el año 2012. Se calculó la curva ROC como medida de capacidad discriminativa. La calibración fue evaluada con la prueba de Hosmer y Lemeshow. También se calculó la tasa de mortalidad estandarizada (TME). Resultados: De un total de 388 casos el 17,3% fallecieron. Según escore de PRISM, el 91,1% tuvo un ôbajo riesgoõ, el 7,1% un ômoderado riesgoõ y el 1,8% ôalto riesgoõ. Se encontró asociación entre las categorías del PRISM y mortalidad (p<0,001). La curva ROC para PRISM fue 0,73 (IC95%: 0,66-0,80), la TME fue 1,01 y la calibración fue buena (p=0,65). Conclusiones: El escore PRISM muestra un rendimiento adecuado como predictor de mortalidad...

The PRISM scale is a predictor of mortality in pediatric patients which considers the risk for dying by assessing 14 physiological parameters. The scale has been used in different parts of the world, showing some discrepancies in its predictive power. Objectives: To assess the performance of the PRISM score as a predictor of mortality in patients hospitalized in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño (INSN) in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: We analyzed the database of all patients admitted to the PICU in the INSN during 2012. We calculated the ROC curve as a measurement for discriminative capacity. The calibration was assessed with Hosmer and Lemeshow test. We also calculated the standardized mortality rate (SMR). Results: Out of 388 patients who were admitted, 17.3% died. According to the PRISM score, 91.1% had ôlow riskõ, 7.1% had ômoderate riskõ, and 1.8% had ôhigh riskõ. We found an association between the risk categories in the PRISM scale and mortality (p<0.001). The ROC curve for the PRISM scale was 0.73 (95% IC: 0.66û0.80), the SMR was 1.01, and there was a good calibration (p= 0.65). Conclusions: The PRISM score shows adequate performance as a predictor for mortality...

Utilidad de la batería ejecutiva y cognición social de INECO en la evaluación de funciones ejecutivas de una serie de pacientes peruanos con demencia fronto-temporal, variante conductual / Utility of the INECO's executive and social cognition battery in the evaluation of executive functions in Peruvians patients with behavioral variant fronto-temporal dementia

Los síntomas característicos de la demencia fronto-temporal, variante conductual reflejan disfunción del cortex prefrontal ventromedial, y no existe consenso respecto a las pruebas neuropsicológicas más sensibles y específicos para evaluarlos. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar alteraciones específicas de funciones ejecutivas y de cognición social en pacientes con demencia fronto-temporal variante conductual. Material y Métodos: Evaluamos la batería ejecutiva y cognición social del Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (INECO), la cual incluye pruebas de teoría de la mente (test de la mirada y test de metida de pata), tareas del hotel, tests de diligencias multiples-versión del hospital y el Iowa Gambling Test para toma de decisiones. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos según su desempeño en el Addenbrooke´s Cognitive Examination. Resultados: Pacientes del grupo de Addenbrooke´s Cognitive Examination Bajo mostró resultados significativamente menores, respecto a los controles en muchas de las tareas de la batería ejecutiva estándar y en la batería ejecutiva y cognición social de INECO. Pero, el grupo de Addenbrooke´s Cognitive Examination Alto no difirió de los controles en muchas de las tareas de la batería ejecutiva estándar, mientras que encontramos diferencias significativas en los pacientes con demencia fronto-temporal con Addenbrooke´s Cognitive Examination Alto y los controles en la mayoría de las tareas de la batería ejecutiva y cognición social. Conclusiones: La batería ejecutiva y cognición social de INECO es más sensible para detectar alteraciones ejecutivas y de cognición social en estadios precoces de demencia fronto-temporal, variante conductual que las tareas empleadas en la batería ejecutiva estándar...

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is characterized by early and substantial ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) dysfunction and there is no consensus regarding which tests are most sensitive and specific to assess it. Objectives: To detect specific executive and social cognitive deficits in patients with early behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Material and Methods: In this study we assessed with theINECO´s Executive and Social Cognition Battery, which included Theory of Mind tests (Mind in the Eyes, Faux Pas), the Hotel Task, Multiple Errands Task-hospital version and the Iowa Gambling Task for complex decision-making. Patients were divided into two groups according to their AddenbrookeÆs Cognitive Examination scores. Results: We found that low AddenbrookeÆs Cognitive Examination patients differed from controls onmost tasks of the standard battery and the Executive and Social Cognition Battery. But high AddenbrookeÆs Cognitive Examination patients did not differ from controls on most traditional neuropsychological tests, while significant differences were found between this high-functioning behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia group and controls on most measures of Executive and Social Cognition Battery. Conclusions: The INECO´s Executive and Social Cognition Battery used are more sensitive in detecting executive and social cognitive impairment deficits in early behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia than the classical cognitive measures...

Crisis epilépticas en la demencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Seizures in the dementia of the Alzheimer disease

La enfermedad de Alzheimer y la epilepsia no solo comparten la edad avanzada como un factor de riesgo, si no también compartirían mecanismos subyacentes en su etiología. Las crisis epilépticas generalmente fueron reportadas en estadios tardíos de la enfermedad de Alzheimer; sin embargo los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer familiar con mutaciones en la PSEN1, PSEN2 y proteína precursora del amiloide tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar crisis epilépticas aún en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad. Por otro lado la epilepsia del lóbulo temporal podría generar per sé compromiso de memoria y la esclerosis hipocampal generar reorganización de redes neuronales excitatorias e inhibitorias que daría como resultado una actividad epiléptica. Es importante reconocer e iniciar tratamiento temprano en pacientes con Enfermedad de Alzheimer y epilepsia para evitar mayor deterioro cognitivo y mejorar la calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy not only share advanced age as a risk factor, also mechanisms underlying in their etiology. The seizures usually occur in late stages of Alzheimer's disease; however patients with familial Alzheimer's disease have even greater risk for seizures, which have been found in patients with mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2 or APP developing seizures even in early stages of the disease. Furthermore temporal lobe epilepsy per se could generate memory impairment and hippocampal sclerosis generatere organization of excitatory and inhibitory neural networks that would result in seizure activity. Is important to recognize patients with Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy for initiate early treatment and prevent further cognitive impairment and improve the quality of life of these patients.

Cost-of-illness study in a retrospective cohort of patients with dementia in Lima, Peru / Custo de doença em um estudo coorte retrospectivo de pacientes com demência em Lima, Peru

Dementia is a major cause of dependency and disability among older persons, and imposes huge economic burdens. Only a few cost-of-illness studies for dementia have been carried out in middle and low-income countries. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze costs of dementia in demented patients of a private clinic in Lima, Peru. Methods. We performed a retrospective, cohort, 3-month study by extracting information from medical records of demented patients to assess the use of both healthcare and non-healthcare resources. The total costs of the disease were broken down into direct (medical and social care costs) and indirect costs (informal care costs). Results. In 136 outpatients, we observed that while half of non-demented patients had total care costs of less than US$ 23 over three months, demented patients had costs of US$ 1500 or over (and more than US$ 1860 for frontotemporal dementia). In our study, the monthly cost of a demented patient (US$ 570) was 2.5 times higher than the minimum wage (legal minimum monthly wage in Peru for 2011: US$ 222.22). Conclusion. Dementia constitutes a socioeconomic problem even in developing countries, since patients involve high healthcare and non-healthcare costs, with the costs being especially high for the patient?s family.

Demência é uma das principais causas de dependência e incapacidade entre idosos, e impõe enormes encargos econômicos. Apenas alguns estudos de custo-de-doença para a demência foram realizados em países de renda média e baixa. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os custos relacionados com demência em pacientes de uma clínica particular, em Lima, Peru. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo de uma coorte durante três meses para extrair informações de prontuários de pacientes com demência para avaliar a utilização de recursos tanto de saúde como outros. Os custos totais da doença foram divididos em diretos (despesas de assistência médica e social) e indiretos (custos de cuidados informais).Resultados: Em 136 pacientes ambulatoriais, observou-se que, enquanto metade dos pacientes não dementes teve custos totais de cuidados de menos de US$ 23 ao longo de três meses, os pacientes dementes tiveram custos de US$ 1500 ou mais (e mais de US$ 1.860 para a demência frontotemporal). Em nosso estudo, o custo mensal de um paciente demente(US$ 570) foi 2,5 vezes maior do que o salário mínimo (salário mínimo mensal no Peru em 2011: US$ 222,22). Conclusão: Demência constitui um problema socioeconômico, mesmo nos países em desenvolvimento, uma vez que os pacientes envolvem altos custos de saúde e não de saúde, com os custos sendo especialmente altos para a família do paciente.

Informal caregiver burden in middle-income countries: results from Memory Centers in Lima - Peru / Sobrecarga do cuidador informal de países de renda média: resultados de Centros de Memória em Lima - Peru

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate caregiver burden based on Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and depression in caregivers on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). METHODS: Literate individuals, 18 years or older, who spoke Spanish as their native language were included. Demographic characteristics: Age, sex, education, relationship to person with dementia, length of time caregiving, other sources of help for caring, impact on the household economy, family support, and perception of impaired health; and Clinical data on care-recipients: type of dementia, time since diagnosis, treatment, and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS); the ZBI and BDI-II. Descriptive and analytical statistics were employed to assess caregiver burden and predictors of higher burden in caregivers. RESULTS: A total of 92 informal caregivers were evaluated. Regarding care-recipients, 75% were 69 years old or over, 75% had at least one year since diagnosis, 73.9% had Alzheimer's disease, 84.8% received treatment, 75% scored 5 or over on the GDS. For caregivers, 75% were 55.5 years old or over, predominantly female (81.5%), married (83.7%), the spouse of care-recipients (60.87%), had at least 10 years of education (75.0%) and one year of caregiving (75%), reduced entertainment time (90.2%) and self-perception of impaired health (83.7%). Median score on the ZBI was 37.5 (minimum value = 3; and maximum value = 74). The coefficient of BDI was 1.38 (p-value <0.001). CONCLUSION: This sample of Peruvian informal caregivers showed elevated ZBI values. Self-perception of worsened health, repercussion on the family economy and time caregiving were the main determinants of ZBI, although only BDI was a consistent predictor of ZBI.

RESUMO: OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sobrecarga do cuidador baseada na entrevista de Zarit (ZBI). MÉTODOS: Nós incluímos cuidadores com 18 anos ou mais de idade, língua espanhola como nativa, alfabetizados. Foram avaliadas características demográficas: idade, gênero, educação, relação com o paciente com demência, extensão do cuidado, outras fontes de ajuda para os cuidados, impacto na economia doméstica, suporte familiar e percepção do comprometimento de saúde; e dados clínicos de saúde dos pacientes: tipo de demência, tempo desde o diagnóstico, tratamento e escala de deterioração global (GDS); ZBI e BDI-II. RESULTADOS: Avaliamos 92 cuidadores informais. Os pacientes tinham 69 anos ou mais, 75% tinha pelo menos um ano do diagnóstico, 73,9% com doença de Alzheimer, 84,8% recebia algum tratamento, 75% tiveram GDS de 5 ou mais. Quanto aos cuidadores: 75% tinham 55 anos ou mais, mulheres (81,5%), casados (83,7%), cônjuge (60,9%), com pelo menos 10 anos de educação (75%) e um ano de cuidado (75%), tempo reduzido de entretenimento (90,2%) e autopercepção de comprometimento da saúde (83,7%). A mediana da ZBI foi 38 (mínimo: 3 e máximo: 74). O coeficiente de BDI foi 1,38 (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Nossa amostra de cuidadores informais peruanos mostram valores consideráveis na ZBI. A autopercepção de piora de saúde, repercussão na economia familiar e tempo de cuidado foram os principais determinantes da ZBI, embora somente a BDI foi um preditor consistente de ZBI.

Depresión en la tercera edad como factor de riesgo y su posible rol como pródromo de demencia / Depression and dementia in the mental health of old age

Depresión y demencia, sobre todo enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) son entidades críticas en la salud mental de la tercera edad. Ambas condiciones disminuyen la calidad de vida e incrementan el deterioro de actividades de vida diaria de individuos de la tercera edad. EA tiene pobre pronóstico al ser una enfermedad neurodegenerativa; mientras que la depresión es básicamente reversible. Los estudios de seguimiento longitudinal y de caso-control reportan una estrecha asociación entre depresión de inicio tardío y deterioro cognitivo progresivo, pues se ha demostrado riesgo de incremento en 2 a 5 veces para desarrollar demencia en pacientes con depresión de inicio tardío. Por otro lado, la depresión de inicio precoz ha demostrado en forma consistente ser también un factor de riesgo para demencia, y escasas probabilidades de ser pródromo de demencia.La naturaleza de la asociación (si depresión es un pródromo o consecuencia de demencia, o un factor de riesgo para desarrollar demencia) permanece aún sin ser esclarecida. Independiente de ello, las estrategias para tratar depresión podrían alterar el riesgo de desarrollar demencia.

Depression and dementia, in particular Alzheimer´s disease (AD) are critically important issues in the mental health of old age. Both conditions apparently reduce quality of life and increase the impairment of activities of daily living for elderly persons. AD usually shows poor prognosis owing to progressive neuronal degeneration, while depression is basically reversible. Longitudinal follow-up and case-control studies reported a strong association between late-onset depression and dementia, and therefore increased risk was observed in 2-5 times to develop dementia in patients with late-onset depression. Furthermore, early-onset depression have also consistenly demonstrated to be a risk factor for dementia and unlikely to be prodromal to dementia. The nature of this association (if depression is a prodrome or consequence of, or risk factor for dementia) remains unclear. Regardless of this, treatment strategies for depression could alter the risk of dementia.

Eficacia y efectos adversos de la metoclopramida endovenosa en el tratamiento de las crisis de migraña / Effectiveness and adverse effects of intravenous metoclopramide in the treatment of migraine crisis

Objetivos: Determinar los efectos adversos de la metoclopramida endovenosa en el tratamiento agudo de las crisis de migraña. Pacientes y métodos: Se evaluaron pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de migraña según los criterios de la International Headache Society, que acudieron refiriendo crisis de migraña por emergencia o consultorio externo de neurología. Se recogieron los datos demográficos y se determinó la intensidad del dolor mediante la escala visual análoga (EVA) de 0 a 10. A cada paciente se le administró metoclopramida diluida vía endovenosa. Se determinaron la eficacia en la disminución de la intensidad del dolor y los efectos adversos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 76 pacientes de 18 a 56 años de edad, 77,6% fueron mujeres. La EVA basal promedio de ingreso fue de 8,6, después de recibir metoclopramida EV 80,2% presentaron reducción en la EVA ≥ 50%. 92,1% de los pacientes mostraron algún efecto adverso siendo los más frecuentes inquietud psicomotora, somnolencia, insomnio y mareos. Conclusiones: La metoclopramida endovenosa es un tratamiento efectivo en el control de las crisis de migraña y produce muy frecuentes efectos adversos como inquietud psicomotora, somnolencia, insomnio y mareos; lo que debe advertirse antes de su administración.

Objectives: Determine the adverse effects of intravenous metoclopramide in the acute treatment of migraine attacks. Patients and methods: Were evaluated patients with a confirmed diagnosis of migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society, they attended with migraine crisis to emergency or outpatient neurology. Demographic data were collected and pain intensity was determined by visual analog scale (VAS ) from 0 to 10. Each patient was given intravenous metoclopramide diluted. We determined the efficacy in reducing pain intensity and the side effects. Results: 76 patients were evaluated, of 18 to 56 years old, 77,6 % were women. The average baseline VAS was 8,6 , after receiving metoclopramide EV 80,2 % had a reduction in VAS ≥ 50 %. The 92,1 % of patients had any adverse effects, were the most frequent psychomotor restlessness, drowsiness, insomnia and dizziness. Conclusions: Intravenous metoclopramide is an effective treatment in controlling migraine attacks and produces very common side effects such as psychomotor restlessness, drowsiness, insomnia and dizziness; it should be noted prior to administration.

Trombosis venosa cerebral de difícil diagnóstico / Cerebral venous thrombosis of difficult diagnosis

Introducción: La trombosis venosa cerebral, una enfermedad cerebro vascular rara, afecta fundamentalmente niños y mujeres en edad fértil. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino, 45 años de edad, evaluada en otro establecimiento de salud donde le diagnosticaron fiebre tifoidea, acudió a emergencia refiriendo un tiempo de enfermedad de 14 días, con cefalea frontal de moderada intensidad, náuseas y vómitos, fue hospitalizada por una probable hemorragia subaracnoidea. Al examen físico tenía funciones vitales estables y examen neurológico normal; la tomografia cerebral mostró edema cerebral difuso, la angiotomografía cerebral y resonancia magnética de encéfalo evidenciaron trombosis del seno sagital superior, transverso y sigmoide derecha. Los exámenes de analítica sanguínea fueron normales. Se diagnosticó trombosis venosa cerebral y se inició tratamiento antiedema cerebral y anticoagulación con heparina de bajo peso molecular y después con warfarina, siendo dada de alta sin compromiso neurológico. Discusión: La Trombosis venosa cerebral es una entidad rara y presenta síntomas inespecíficos; siendo el más frecuente la cefalea recurrente, persistente y refractaria al tratamiento, algunos casos son de díficil diagnóstico, el método diagnóstico de elección es la resonancia magnética en fase venosa y su tratamiento se realiza con anticoagulantes.

Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis, rarely cerebrovascular disease, affects mainly children and women of childbearing age. Case report:. Female patient, 45 years of age, evaluated at another health center where she was diagnosed with typhoid fever, she went to emergency referring a time of illness 14 days, with frontal headache of moderate intensity, nausea and vomiting, she was hospitalized with a probable subarachnoid hemorrhage. On physical examination, she had stable vital functions and normal neurological examination, brain tomography showed diffuse cerebral edema, cerebral angiography and MRI of the brain showed thrombosis of the sagittal sinus, transverse and sigmoid. Blood tests were normal. Cerebral venous thrombosis was the diagnosis and she was treated with antiedema cerebral and started anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin and then with warfarin, after was discharged without neurological impairment. Discussion: Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare entity and presents inespecific symptoms, the most frequent is persistent headache refractory to treatment, some cases are of difficult diagnosis, the diagnostic method of choice is MRI in venous phase and the treatment is with anticoagulants.

Trastorno neurocognitivo asociado al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)

El trastorno neurocognitivo asociado a VIH (TNAV) es una complicación poco conocida pero de elevada prevalencia e impacto en los pacientes con VIH. El término TNAV agrupa un espectro de complicaciones progresivas del sistema nervioso central (SNC), desde un compromiso neurocognitivo asintomático y un trastorno neurocognitivo leve hasta una demencia asociada a VIH (DAV). Mientras que la incidencia de DAV ha disminuido significativamente con el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), las formas más leves de TNAV se han incrementado. En esta revisión, describimos la nomenclatura actualizada y definiciones de caso para orientar el diagnóstico del TNAV. También, resumimos las manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y recomendaciones para el tratamiento. Finalmente, mientras que el deterioro cognitivo es típicamente diagnosticado con una evaluación neuropsicológica completa, la interpretación de los resultados se basa en la comparación entre el rendimiento del paciente con valores normalizados en poblaciones ajustados culturalmente y según edad; así, los resultados de estas pruebas son válidos solo si existen datos representativos normalizados adecuadamente para un paciente. Por lo tanto, proponemos un grupo de pruebas neuropsicológicas breves validadas en nuestra población peruana, que pueden ser utilizadas para la detección temprana del TNAV no solo por los neurólogos sino también por el médico tratante del paciente con VIH o en centros de escasos recursos...

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is not a well recognized entity but has high prevalence and impact in individuals infected with HIV. The term HAND encompasses a spectrum of progressive central nervous system (CNS) involvement, ranging from asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder through to the most severe form of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). While the incidence of HAD has declined significantly with highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), the milder forms of HAND have increased. In this review, updated nomenclature and research case definitions to guide HAND diagnosis are described. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment recommendations are also outlined. Finally, while neurocognitive impairment is typically diagnosed with full neuropsychological evaluation, the interpretation of test results is based on comparing the patientÆs performance to age and culturally adjusted population based normal values; thus, test results are valid only if adequate representative normative data exist for a given patient. Therefore, we propose a group of brief neuropsychological tests validated in Peruvian population that could be used to detect HAND opportunely not only by neurologists but also by a primary HIV-care provider or in resource-poor settings...

Características neuropsicológicas de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve y demencia asociada a la enfermedad de Parkinson / Cognitive performance of Parkinson’s disease patients in different cognitive stages

En la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), las áreas cognitivas pueden estar íntegras (EP cognitivamente normales,EP-CN), o afectarse desde compromisos ligeros sin compromiso de la funcionalidad (deterioro cognitivo leve asociado a EP, DCL-EP), hasta franca alteración de ella (demencia asociada a la EP, DEP). Objetivos:Evaluar el rendimiento cognitivo de pacientes con EP en diversos estadios cognitivos y compararlos con un grupo control. Pacientes y métodos:Prospectivamente se formaron cuatro grupos: 20 controles, 22 con diagnóstico de EP-CN, 18 con DCL-EP, y 23 con DEP. Siguiendo un ordenado protocolo, los individuos fueron sometidos a evaluaciones sucesivas de cribado, diagnóstico y tipo de deterioro cognitivo, luego de los cuales, fueron evaluados mediante una batería neuropsicológica para evaluación de atención, memoria, lenguaje, habilidades viso-constructivas y funciones ejecutivas. Resultados:Los pacientes con DCL-EP presentan alteraciones en la memoria viso-espacial (p˂0.01 vs EP-CN), habilidades viso-constructivas (p˂0.01 vs EP-CN) y funciones ejecutivas (p˂0.01 vs EP-CN) (con excepción de la capacidad de inhibición); mientras que en estadios más avanzados (DEP), se afecta además la atención (p˂0.01 vs EP-CN), memoria verbal (p˂0.01 vs DCL-EP) y el lenguaje (p˂0.01 vs DCL-EP). Conclusiones : Los pacientes con EP presentan según la evolución de la enfermedad, un progresivo compromiso de las áreas cognitivas.

In Parkinson’s disease (PD), cognitive areas may be intact (cognitively normal PD, PD-CN), or present light commitments without compromising on functionality (mild cognitive impairment associated with PD, MCI-PD), to frank alteration of cognition (dementia associated with PD, DPD). Objectives: To assess the cognitive performance of PD patients in different cognitive stagesand compared with control group. Patients and Methods: Prospectively, was evaluated four groups: 20 controls, 22 with a diagnosis of PD-CN, 18 MCI-PD and 23 with DPD. Individuals underwent screening tests, diagnosis and type of cognitive impairment, after which, were assessed using a neuropsychological battery: attention, verbal memory and visuospatial, language, visual-constructive skills and executive functions. Results: Patients with MCI-PD presented alterations in visuospatial memory (p ˂ 0.01 vs PD-CN), visuo-constructive skills (p ˂ 0.01 vs PD-CN) and executive functions (p ˂ 0.01 vs PD-CN ) (except for the ability of inhibition), while in more advanced stages (DPD), will also affect attention (p ˂ 0.01 vs PD-CN), verbal memory (p ˂ 0.01 vs DCL-PD) and language (p 0.01 vs ˂ DCL-PD). Conclusions: Patients with PD presented according to the evolution of the disease, a progressive commitment of the cognitive areas.